High sodium intake of children through 'hidden' food sources and its association with the Mediterranean diet: The GRECO study

dc.contributor.author	Magriplis, E	en
dc.contributor.author	Farajian, P	en
dc.contributor.author	Pounis, GD	en
dc.contributor.author	Risvas, G	en
dc.contributor.author	Panagiotakos, DB	en
dc.contributor.author	Zampelas, A	en
dc.date.accessioned	2014-06-06T06:51:21Z
dc.date.available	2014-06-06T06:51:21Z
dc.date.issued	2011	en
dc.identifier.issn	02636352	en
dc.identifier.uri	http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328345ef35	en
dc.identifier.uri	http://62.217.125.90/xmlui/handle/123456789/5464
dc.subject	children	en
dc.subject	Mediterranean diet	en
dc.subject	public health	en
dc.subject	sodium food sources	en
dc.subject	sodium intake	en
dc.subject.other	article	en
dc.subject.other	bread	en
dc.subject.other	cereal	en
dc.subject.other	cheese	en
dc.subject.other	child	en
dc.subject.other	controlled study	en
dc.subject.other	cooking	en
dc.subject.other	female	en
dc.subject.other	food intake	en
dc.subject.other	health survey	en
dc.subject.other	human	en
dc.subject.other	human experiment	en
dc.subject.other	male	en
dc.subject.other	Mediterranean diet	en
dc.subject.other	priority journal	en
dc.subject.other	school child	en
dc.subject.other	sodium intake	en
dc.subject.other	Child	en
dc.subject.other	Cross-Sectional Studies	en
dc.subject.other	Diet	en
dc.subject.other	Diet, Mediterranean	en
dc.subject.other	Female	en
dc.subject.other	Humans	en
dc.subject.other	Male	en
dc.subject.other	Sodium	en
dc.title	High sodium intake of children through 'hidden' food sources and its association with the Mediterranean diet: The GRECO study	en
heal.type	journalArticle	en
heal.identifier.primary	10.1097/HJH.0b013e328345ef35	en
heal.publicationDate	2011	en
heal.abstract	Objectives: Sodium is the mineral that has been, mainly, linked to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. It is found naturally in many foods, but is also used in the food industry and manufacturing. Identification of total sodium intake, as well as 'hidden' sodium intake from food sources early in life is necessary. Methods: Four thousand, five hundred and eighty children aged 10-12 years were enrolled, in a cross-sectional, population-based survey. Among other measurements, dietary data were obtained by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and sodium intake was calculated. High sodium consumption was considered an intake over 2200 mg/day. Adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern was evaluated using the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for children and adolescent score (KIDMED score). Results: Twenty-three percent of Greek children had sodium intake which exceeded the 2200 mg/day recommendation, excluding salt added at table and during cooking. Sodium intake was found elevated in children with moderate and high adherence to the Mediterranean Diet. Additionally, 1 unit increase in KIDMED score (i.e. higher adherence) was associated with 10% [odds ratio (OR) 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.13] increased likelihood of consuming sodium above the median intake (i.e. >1500 mg/day). Thirty-four percent of sodium intake from 'hidden' sources came from bread, processed cereals and white cheese. CONCLUSIONS: Greek children have an elevated sodium intake from 'hidden' sources and main contributors are foods which are recommended to be consumed on a daily basis according to the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid. These findings should induce manufacturers to reduce the amount of sodium added during processing of 'healthy' foods, especially bread and cheese. © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health \| Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	en
heal.journalName	Journal of Hypertension	en
dc.identifier.issue	6	en
dc.identifier.volume	29	en
dc.identifier.doi	10.1097/HJH.0b013e328345ef35	en
dc.identifier.spage	1069	en
dc.identifier.epage	1076	en