Concentrations and availability indicators of soil heavy metals; The case of children's playgrounds in the city of Athens (Greece)

dc.contributor.author	Massas, I	en
dc.contributor.author	Ehaliotis, C	en
dc.contributor.author	Kalivas, D	en
dc.contributor.author	Panagopoulou, G	en
dc.date.accessioned	2014-06-06T06:50:08Z
dc.date.available	2014-06-06T06:50:08Z
dc.date.issued	2010	en
dc.identifier.issn	00496979	en
dc.identifier.uri	http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0321-4	en
dc.identifier.uri	http://62.217.125.90/xmlui/handle/123456789/4973
dc.subject	Enrichment factor	en
dc.subject	Heavy metals	en
dc.subject	Metal availability	en
dc.subject	Metal pollution	en
dc.subject	Playgrounds	en
dc.subject	Urban soils	en
dc.subject.other	Aqua regia	en
dc.subject.other	Bioavailable fraction	en
dc.subject.other	Enrichment factors	en
dc.subject.other	GIS software	en
dc.subject.other	Mean values	en
dc.subject.other	Metal concentrations	en
dc.subject.other	Metal pollution	en
dc.subject.other	Playgrounds	en
dc.subject.other	Site-specific	en
dc.subject.other	Spatial distribution	en
dc.subject.other	Surface soil	en
dc.subject.other	Urban soils	en
dc.subject.other	Young children	en
dc.subject.other	Acids	en
dc.subject.other	Chromium	en
dc.subject.other	Concentration (process)	en
dc.subject.other	Copper	en
dc.subject.other	Lead	en
dc.subject.other	Manganese	en
dc.subject.other	Manganese compounds	en
dc.subject.other	Metals	en
dc.subject.other	Soils	en
dc.subject.other	Soil pollution	en
dc.subject.other	chromium	en
dc.subject.other	cobalt	en
dc.subject.other	copper	en
dc.subject.other	heavy metal	en
dc.subject.other	iron	en
dc.subject.other	lead	en
dc.subject.other	manganese	en
dc.subject.other	nickel	en
dc.subject.other	pentetic acid	en
dc.subject.other	zinc	en
dc.subject.other	bioavailability	en
dc.subject.other	heavy metal	en
dc.subject.other	soil pollution	en
dc.subject.other	urban area	en
dc.subject.other	urban pollution	en
dc.subject.other	article	en
dc.subject.other	chemical analysis	en
dc.subject.other	city	en
dc.subject.other	concentration (parameters)	en
dc.subject.other	controlled study	en
dc.subject.other	data analysis software	en
dc.subject.other	Greece	en
dc.subject.other	metal extraction	en
dc.subject.other	play	en
dc.subject.other	pollution monitoring	en
dc.subject.other	quantitative analysis	en
dc.subject.other	soil analysis	en
dc.subject.other	soil pollution	en
dc.subject.other	soil pollution indicator	en
dc.subject.other	Athens [Attica]	en
dc.subject.other	Attica	en
dc.subject.other	Greece	en
dc.title	Concentrations and availability indicators of soil heavy metals; The case of children's playgrounds in the city of Athens (Greece)	en
heal.type	journalArticle	en
heal.identifier.primary	10.1007/s11270-009-0321-4	en
heal.publicationDate	2010	en
heal.abstract	This study reports on the concentrations, distribution, and availability of heavy metals in the children's playground soils of Athens. Playgrounds were chosen because they are open city areas; they show relatively even spatial distribution within the district of Athens and are used by a great number of young children and their escorts on a regular basis. Samples were collected from 70 playground surface soils, representing more than 70% of the city's playgrounds. Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co, Mn, and Fe were extracted by aqua regia and by diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) to estimate total and available metal forms, respectively. Their mean total concentrations were 43, 174, 110, 80, 82, 22, 312, and 17×103mg kg-1, respectively. The DTPA-extracted fraction showed much lower values, with means of 2.5, 7.8, 5.8, 1.5, 1.3, 0.4, 8.4, and 2.0 mg kg-1 respectively, which, however, should be carefully monitored since they relate directly to the bioavailable fraction of heavy metals. Though mean values of metal concentrations are not particularly high, the calculated enrichment factors indicate site-specific cases of high enrichment with heavy metals. Considering that the bioavailable fraction of a metal is possibly a more appropriate indicator for the recent soil pollution history, availability ratios were calculated and their distribution was visualized over the entire city profile using the appropriate GIS software. It was shown that recent metal pollution events appear to have affected mostly playground sites in the southern and eastern part of the municipality. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	en
heal.journalName	Water, Air, and Soil Pollution	en
dc.identifier.issue	1-4	en
dc.identifier.volume	212	en
dc.identifier.doi	10.1007/s11270-009-0321-4	en
dc.identifier.spage	51	en
dc.identifier.epage	63	en