Application and fate of cyromazine in a closed-cycle hydroponic cultivation of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

dc.contributor.author	Patakioutas, G	en
dc.contributor.author	Savvas, D	en
dc.contributor.author	Matakoulis, C	en
dc.contributor.author	Sakellarides, T	en
dc.contributor.author	Albanis, T	en
dc.date.accessioned	2014-06-06T06:47:36Z
dc.date.available	2014-06-06T06:47:36Z
dc.date.issued	2007	en
dc.identifier.issn	00218561	en
dc.identifier.uri	http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf071726i	en
dc.identifier.uri	http://62.217.125.90/xmlui/handle/123456789/3711
dc.subject	Bean	en
dc.subject	Cyromazine	en
dc.subject	Hydroponics	en
dc.subject	Melamine	en
dc.subject	Pesticide	en
dc.subject	Phaseolus vulgaris	en
dc.subject	Recycling	en
dc.subject	Root application	en
dc.subject	Soilless culture	en
dc.subject.other	cyromazine	en
dc.subject.other	drug residue	en
dc.subject.other	insecticide	en
dc.subject.other	triazine derivative	en
dc.subject.other	article	en
dc.subject.other	bean	en
dc.subject.other	chemistry	en
dc.subject.other	dose response	en
dc.subject.other	food contamination	en
dc.subject.other	half life time	en
dc.subject.other	human	en
dc.subject.other	kinetics	en
dc.subject.other	maximum allowable concentration	en
dc.subject.other	safety	en
dc.subject.other	Consumer Product Safety	en
dc.subject.other	Dose-Response Relationship, Drug	en
dc.subject.other	Drug Residues	en
dc.subject.other	Food Contamination	en
dc.subject.other	Half-Life	en
dc.subject.other	Humans	en
dc.subject.other	Insecticides	en
dc.subject.other	Kinetics	en
dc.subject.other	Maximum Allowable Concentration	en
dc.subject.other	Phaseolus	en
dc.subject.other	Triazines	en
dc.subject.other	Phaseolus vulgaris	en
dc.title	Application and fate of cyromazine in a closed-cycle hydroponic cultivation of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)	en
heal.type	journalArticle	en
heal.identifier.primary	10.1021/jf071726i	en
heal.publicationDate	2007	en
heal.abstract	The fate of cyromazine applied via the nutrient solution (20, 40, and 60 mg of active ingredient per plant) in a closed-cycle soilless cultivation of bean with zero discharge of effluents was traced in both the recycled drainage solution and the plant tissues for 99 days. The insecticide was applied once, 15 days after planting (16 days prior to the first harvest). In addition to cyromazine, the residues of melamine, its metabolite, in the drainage solution and plant tissues were also regularly determined during the 99 days. The two higher application doses induced toxicity symptoms on the leaves of the bean plant. The maximum cyromazine levels were measured 8 days after application in the drainage solution (17-46 mg l-1), 16 days in the roots (1.1-2.4 mg kg-1 fresh weight [f. wt.]) and the vegetative shoot (4.5-9.5 mg kg-1 f. wt.), and 24 days after application in the pods (2.6-4.1 mg kg-1 f. wt.). However, the cyromazine residues in pods were clearly below the maximum acceptable levels for bean. The half-life of cyromazine in the drainage solution ranged from 16 to 19 days for the three doses. The melamine residues in the drainage solution and in the roots reached a concentration peak 16 days after cyromazine application, whereas in the vegetative shoot and the pods they were constantly increasing over the 99 days after application. Nevertheless, the melamine residues were constantly much lower than those of cyromazine, although on the last sampling day (99) they tended toward convergence. Cyromazine proved to be highly persistent, as indicated by the remarkably high residues measured in both the drainage solution and the plant tissues, even 99 days after application. Nevertheless, the application of cyromazine via the nutrient solution to beans grown in closed-cycle hydroponic systems at doses not exceeding 20 mg per plant seems to be safe with respect to both phytotoxicity and residue levels in the edible pods. © 2007 American Chemical Society.	en
heal.journalName	Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry	en
dc.identifier.issue	24	en
dc.identifier.volume	55	en
dc.identifier.doi	10.1021/jf071726i	en
dc.identifier.spage	9928	en
dc.identifier.epage	9935	en